ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended) is a motherboard and power supply configuration specification developed by Intel in 1995 to improve on previous de facto standards like the AT design. It was the first major innovation in desktop computer motherboard and power supply design in many years, improving standardization and interchangeability of parts. The specification has undergone several revisions since its inception, with the latest version being ATX12V 2.4, released in April 2013.

Key Features of ATX:

    Dimensions: The standard ATX motherboard size is 305 mm x 244 mm (12 in x 9.6 in), but there are also variations like microATX and mini-ATX that are smaller in size.

   Power Supply: ATX power supplies have a 20-pin main power connector (later extended to 24 pins for better power delivery to the motherboard). They also include a 4-pin +12V connector to supply power to the CPU and other components.

   I/O Panel: The ATX specification includes a standardized I/O panel layout for motherboards, which helps in creating uniformity in case design and compatibility.

   Expansion Slots: ATX motherboards typically have more expansion slots than their microATX and mini-ATX counterparts. This allows for greater expandability with additional graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, and other peripherals.

   Cooling: The ATX design allows for better airflow and cooling within the case. The placement of the CPU and power supply is such that it facilitates efficient heat dissipation.

   Mounting Points: ATX motherboards have specific mounting points that match standardized case designs. This ensures compatibility and ease of installation.

Advantages of ATX:

   Standardization: The ATX specification has helped standardize motherboard and case designs, making it easier for consumers to mix and match components from different manufacturers.

   Upgradeability: The larger size and expansion options of ATX motherboards make them more suitable for users who want to upgrade their systems over time.

   Power Delivery: The ATX power supply design provides stable and reliable power delivery to all components of the computer, which is crucial for system stability and performance.

   Cooling Efficiency: The layout of ATX cases and motherboards is optimized for better airflow, which helps in keeping the system cool and prolonging the lifespan of components.

Disadvantages of ATX:

   Size: The larger size of ATX motherboards and cases can be a disadvantage for users with limited space or those who prefer more compact systems.

   Cost: ATX systems can be more expensive due to their larger size and additional features compared to smaller form factors like microATX.

   Portability: The larger size and heavier weight of ATX cases make them less portable than smaller form factor systems.

ATX has been a cornerstone in the PC industry for over two decades, providing a standard for motherboard and power supply design that has enabled greater compatibility and flexibility in building and upgrading computers. While newer form factors like microATX and mini-ITX have gained popularity for their compact size, ATX remains a popular choice for users who require expandability and robust power delivery for high-performance systems.

Types of Power Supply

- ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended)
- CFX (Compact Form Factor)
- EPS (Entry-Level Power Supply)
- IEC standards for power supplies
- Power supply efficiency standards
- SFX (Small Form Factor)
- TFX (Thin Form Factor)
- UL standards to power supplies

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